Sources

Mass, radius, rotation period and orbital speed used as the baseline Earth.

Sidereal day used to set Earth's present angular velocity.

Equatorial radius used for surface speed and centrifugal terms.

gn = 9.80665 m/s², the conventional standard gravity (also ISO 80000-3).

Lunar mass and mean Earth–Moon distance for tidal comparisons.

Solar mass and the scale of sunlight at 1 AU.

Lunar and solar tide-raising, spring and neap cycles.

The astronomical unit is exact: 149 597 870 700 m.

Solar mass and the scale of sunlight at 1 AU.

Mass, radius, rotation period and orbital speed used as the baseline Earth.

The astronomical unit is exact: 149 597 870 700 m.

gn = 9.80665 m/s², the conventional standard gravity (also ISO 80000-3).

Mass, radius, rotation period and orbital speed used as the baseline Earth.

Lunar mass and mean Earth–Moon distance for tidal comparisons.

Mass, radius, rotation period and orbital speed used as the baseline Earth.

Lunar and solar tide-raising, spring and neap cycles.

Mass, radius, rotation period and orbital speed used as the baseline Earth.

gn = 9.80665 m/s², the conventional standard gravity (also ISO 80000-3).

Mass, radius, rotation period and orbital speed used as the baseline Earth.

Structure and role of Earth's atmosphere.

gn = 9.80665 m/s², the conventional standard gravity (also ISO 80000-3).

Sidereal day used to set Earth's present angular velocity.

Equatorial radius used for surface speed and centrifugal terms.

gn = 9.80665 m/s², the conventional standard gravity (also ISO 80000-3).

Mass, radius, rotation period and orbital speed used as the baseline Earth.

Mass, radius, rotation period and orbital speed used as the baseline Earth.

Background on atmosphere and climate as human emissions stop.

Mass, radius, rotation period and orbital speed used as the baseline Earth.

gn = 9.80665 m/s², the conventional standard gravity (also ISO 80000-3).

Equatorial radius used for surface speed and centrifugal terms.

Tropopause height and the idea of a standard atmosphere.

Pressure in the ocean increases about one atmosphere for every 10 metres of water.

Time as a quantity; conversions on this page are ordinary hour arithmetic.

The second is the SI base unit of time; this experiment only counts them.

b = λ_max T, used to turn a cutoff wavelength into a peak-temperature.

c is exact in the SI: 299 792 458 m/s.

Infrared as a band, from near-IR to thermal.

gn = 9.80665 m/s².

Tropopause height and the idea of a standard atmosphere.

Earth mass and radius for orbital and gravity-train numbers.

Tropopause height and the idea of a standard atmosphere.

Temperature is the real-world knob for speed of sound in air; this page instead scales c_s directly.

c is exact in the SI: 299 792 458 m/s.

AU is exact: 149 597 870 700 m.

Earth mass and radius for orbital and gravity-train numbers.

gn = 9.80665 m/s².

Earth mass and radius for orbital and gravity-train numbers.

AU is exact: 149 597 870 700 m.

gn = 9.80665 m/s².

Earth mass and radius for orbital and gravity-train numbers.

Earth's equatorial figure; mean radius in the train formula is the IUGG mean used in physics.ts.

c is exact in the SI: 299 792 458 m/s.

The second is defined by a caesium transition — time in physics is not a pause button.

Tropopause height and the idea of a standard atmosphere.

Earth's equatorial figure; mean radius in the train formula is the IUGG mean used in physics.ts.

Earth mass and radius for orbital and gravity-train numbers.

Practical UK guidance on sleep habits. Used as context for a typical adult night, not as a prescription.

States that adults need different amounts and gives an average band of about 7 to 9 hours. The default 7.5 hours sits inside that band.

Official estimates of how UK adults divide a day, including sleep and rest as the largest single block.

Sets statutory paid leave at 5.6 weeks for most workers, which is the default holiday slider.

The 48-hour average weekly limit under the Working Time Regulations, and the opt-out.

Explains what usually counts as working time, including that a regular commute generally does not.

How paid work sits alongside unpaid work, travel and leisure in an average UK day.

How people travelled to work on Census Day, including the large working-from-home share in 2021.

Average daily time spent travelling, as a separate activity from paid work.

Used for the default 5.6 holiday weeks, which also remove commuting days in this model.

Regular commuting to a set workplace is usually not working time, even though it still uses hours of the day.

Includes time using a computer or digital device as a measured daily activity for UK adults.

Underlying tables for average daily minutes on work, leisure, travel and media.

Notes screens as part of an evening routine. Cited for context only; this experiment does not give sleep advice.

Adults spent an average of 2 hours 16 minutes watching television as part of leisure time in that survey period.

Longer-run picture of how UK leisure is dominated by mass media, including television.

Tables behind the time-use bulletins, including entertainment and television.

Shows how an average UK day is already fully allocated, so an extra hour has to come from some existing block.

Daily and weekly rest entitlements, relevant if the extra hour is imagined as coming out of the working day.

A reminder that shaving the hour from sleep is a different experiment. This page does not recommend that.

Travel, unpaid work and leisure already fill a day; a lost hour has to displace something measured.

What usually counts as working time, useful if the lost hour is meetings rather than delays.

The 48-hour average cap, as context when calendar creep starts to look like extra unpaid work.

Period life expectancy at birth and at older ages. Cited so 100 is understood as a what-if, not a typical span.

The tables behind the bulletin, by age and sex, for anyone who wants the official figures rather than a round target.

How an ordinary week is spent, if you want to imagine what remaining weeks contain.

The official list of bank holidays in England, Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland.

Employers can include bank holidays inside the 5.6-week statutory leave total.

Weekly rest of 24 hours in seven days, or 48 hours in 14, which is the legal skeleton under a weekend.

A day is already fully allocated in survey terms, so 30 minutes reclaimed has to come from an existing activity.

A 20-minute rest break when the working day is longer than six hours — a nearby official chunk of time.

Statutory leave is the large, official way to reclaim days. This experiment is the unofficial daily version.

Independent UK guidance on building a savings habit, choosing accounts and when debt should come first.

Educational explainer: interest is a cost of borrowing or a reward for saving, and rates change.

Why a nominal pile of savings may buy less later. This model does not subtract inflation.

How inflation can outpace a savings rate. Cited so growth on this page is not mistaken for extra buying power.

Guidance on regular saving and on checking that a rate still makes sense over time.

Why a 3% illustration on this page is not a product, and why rates move.

A three-to-six-month buffer is a common first job for a daily habit, before longer illustrated totals.

Independent tool for seeing whether a monthly surplus exists before illustrating what it might grow into.

Regular saving, account types, and when paying down debt comes first.

Educational primer on what a percentage rate means, and that it can move.

How UK households split spending, including food and eating out, as context — not as your bill.

A place to put takeaways in a full budget rather than treating them in isolation.

If the money not spent is actually saved, this is the independent guidance on doing so.

The practical place to see which lines of a UK household budget can actually move.

Official picture of how spending is split, as context for a percentage trim.

If the cut becomes saving, independent guidance on what to do next.

Independent guidance on starting a habit now, which is the only start date this page can still change.

Why extra years of compounding are sensitive to a rate that is not guaranteed.

A related official conversation about contributing more from today, without rewriting the past.

A 3% yearly bump is in the same conversation as rising prices, not a claim that it matches them.

Why a flat contribution loses buying power even if the account balance rises.

Reviewing a regular amount, rather than setting it once and walking away.

Once a coin habit is a real amount, independent guidance on putting it in an account.

A jar earns nothing; an account might. Rates are not guaranteed either way.

A coin jar is sometimes someone’s first buffer. Three to six months of essentials is the official rule of thumb, in an access account.

If the drinks budget is redirected to saving, this is the independent how-to.

Tea and coffee can count toward daily fluid. Cited so this page does not pretend the drink has no role besides its price.

Cafe prices move. A fixed £3.20 on the slider is a model, not a high street.

Leisure and drinks sit in a full budget, which is the fairer context than a single habit.

Regular amounts, including lumpy ones, and how to choose a place for them.

Spare notes often become a first buffer. Independent rule of thumb: three to six months of essentials, in easy reach.

Why a 3% illustration on deposited tens is not the same as cash in a drawer, and not a promise either.

Official statistics on how often people in England travel, by mode and purpose, including short trips and time spent travelling.

Places walking and wheeling above private car use for short journeys, and notes that most UK trips are under five miles.

Tracks how fuel, insurance, tax and maintenance move over time, useful context for a simplified cost-per-km slider.

Official material on vehicle tax, which often continues unless a vehicle is sold or declared off road.

Regular UK pump-price and duty context for the fuel line of a motoring budget.

Breakdown of fuel, tax, insurance and maintenance as separate parts of the cost of running a car.

Approved mileage rates show how HMRC bundles running and standing costs; useful contrast with a fuel-only saving.

Statutory paid leave is described as 5.6 weeks for most workers, with a 28-day cap and notes on bank holidays.

Official series on hours actually worked, used here only as context for a typical full-time day length.

How paid work sits alongside unpaid work and leisure in an average day — a reminder that “free” time has a shape.

Commuting remains one of the longer-distance trip purposes; average travel time in England was about 58 minutes a day in 2023.

Shows how commute length varies, and why a single default time is a poor substitute for the minutes you actually spend.

Context for drivers who treat fuel and related costs as the office-day bundle.

Advice on thermostats, programmers and typical comfort bands. Figures there are examples, not applied automatically here.

Typical Domestic Consumption Values, used to explain bills nationally — a backdrop, not your meter.

Quarterly unit rates and standing charges for default tariffs in Great Britain.

Home charging versus petrol fuel cost, with the caveat that public charging and purchase costs change the picture.

Electricity unit rates used as context for the default pence-per-kWh slider.

Official weekly and monthly UK pump prices for petrol and diesel.

HMRC’s pence-per-mile fuel rates, derived from typical mpg and DESNZ prices — a cross-check on petrol cost per mile.

Household expenditure including food at home and restaurants, cafés and hotels — context for how eating-out sits in a budget.

Cooking energy is real but usually small next to the ingredient-versus-takeaway gap; included as a reminder to put it in home cost if you care.

Timetables and fares for Great Britain’s National Rail network — use a real quote in the ticket slider.

How people in England mix car and public transport, and how long trips take on average by mode.

Fuel, tax and related motoring costs as context for the driving rate per mile.

Approved mileage rates, a commonly cited per-mile driving cost that includes more than fuel.

How energy labels work and what they quote for annual consumption.

Cold appliances and wet appliances as a large share of household electricity after heating.

Context for the default 24p/kWh electricity unit rate.

UK research on when repair and resale actually displace a new purchase, rather than sitting on top of one.

Reuse as a practical systems change, not only a household virtue — useful framing for replacement cycles.

Household resource use sits alongside energy; this page stays on the cash cycle rather than a carbon factor.